What caused the fall of one of the most influential empires in history? - Mostafa Minawi
Trace the fall of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted nearly 600 years until their defeat in World War I as part of the Central Powers.
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Under cover of darkness in 1909, Sultan Abdulhamid II left Istanbul – bringing an end to his reign. For almost six centuries, his family had ruled the Ottoman Empire, spanning regions in North Africa, southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. But the end of this dynasty had been brewing for years. What happened to this once-powerful empire? Mostafa Minawi traces the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
Lesson by Mostafa Minawi, directed by Hernando Bahamon, Vicente Numpaque, Globizco Studios.
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Transcript
English
810 words
5347 chars
5 min read
While Istanbul slept in the early hours
of April 27th, 1909, Sultan Abdulhamid II boarded
a westbound train. Under cover of darkness,
he left the imperial capital— bringing an end to his reign. For almost six centuries,
his family had ruled the Ottoman Empire, spanning regions in North Africa,
southeastern Europe, and the Middle East. But the end of this powerful dynasty
had been brewing for years. In the late 18th century, the Ottomans’ once-feared faction
of elite warriors called the Janissaries had become inefficient and greedy. Their numbers swelled
with poorly trained fighters, and their outdated weapons led to a series
of embarrassing defeats that coincided with several
economic crises. To survive, Sultan Selim III sought
to curb the Janissaries’ influence and modernize the empire
with widespread reforms. The warriors rebelled
and assassinated Selim, but his successor would not be
so easily beaten. Mahmud II subdued the Janissaries in a
massacre known as the Auspicious Event, and swiftly replaced the outmoded warriors
with a European-style army. This was one of many far-reaching efforts
to modernize the empire, which were continued
by Mahmud’s successor. Sultan Abdulmejid ushered in an era
of reforms known as the Tanzimat, or “reordering,” where economic and administrative
systems were overhauled, and subjects from all backgrounds were
recruited to work for the government. The Tanzimat was hindered by
foreign debt and political upheavals. But perhaps the era’s biggest challenge
was the dynasty’s initiative to unite their diverse subjects. The Ottoman Empire
spanned three continents containing numerous religious
and ethnic groups, including Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Greeks,
Armenians, Jews, and more. These minority groups were free
to choose their language, religion, and cultural practices, yet most of them were deprived
of the full rights of Muslim citizens. They had to pay extra taxes and were prevented from participating
in serving in the military....
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